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OUTLINE OF TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS: CLASSICAL

 

 

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8. CLASSICAL CHINA

 

 

 

search for social order

 

 

 

 

confucianism

 

 

 

 

confucius

 

 

 

 

kong fuzi

 

 

 

analects

 

 

 

taught to make junzi

 

 

confucian values

 

 

 

 

ren in government

 

 

 

li as courtesy

 

 

 

xiao as filial piety

 

 

 

order and stability

 

 

mencius

 

 

 

 

ren- in practice

 

 

xunzi

 

 

 

 

li- as socialization

 

daoism

 

 

 

 

laozi

 

 

 

 

dao de jing

 

 

 

warring states antidote

 

 

the dao

 

 

 

 

the way of the cosmos

 

 

 

nothing and everything

 

 

 

wuwei

 

 

 

apolitical attitude

 

legalism

 

 

 

 

courtier shang yang

 

 

 

 

hated qin administrator

 

 

 

legalist policymaker

 

 

courtier han feizi

 

 

 

 

systematic legalist

 

 

legalist doctrine

 

unificaton of china

 

 

 

 

qin dynasty

 

 

 

 

kingdom of qin

 

 

 

 

granted land rights

 

 

 

absorbed neighbors

 

 

first chinese emperor

 

 

 

 

qin shihuangdi

 

 

 

centralized rule

 

 

 

xianyang (xian)

 

 

 

pre-great wall built

 

 

 

buried alive critics

 

 

 

most books burned

 

 

qin centralization

 

 

 

 

standardized laws

 

 

 

currency standards

 

 

 

weights and measures

 

 

standardized script

 

 

 

 

all dialects same script

 

 

monumental qin tomb

 

 

 

 

terra cotta soldiers

 

han dynasty

 

 

 

 

liu bang

 

 

 

 

sima qian's history

 

 

 

good advisors

 

 

 

consolidated new rule

 

 

han policies

 

 

 

 

avoid qin excesses

 

 

han wudi

 

 

 

 

martial emperor

 

 

 

vision and vigor

 

 

 

legalist han authority

 

 

 

resource monopolies

 

 

confucian education

 

 

 

 

government service

 

 

imperial pursuits

 

 

 

 

korea, vietnam tribute

 

 

xiongnu

 

 

 

 

turkic steppe raiders

 

 

 

aral-yellow federation

 

 

 

maodun- all arrows

 

 

 

han subdue xiongnu

 

former han prosperity

 

 

 

 

patriarchy

 

 

 

 

filal piety

 

 

 

admonitions for women

 

 

iron metallurgy

 

 

 

 

help explain han rule

 

 

silk textiles

 

 

 

 

increasingly important

 

 

 

sericulture

 

 

 

silk prize commodity

 

 

 

silk roads established

 

 

paper

 

 

 

 

bamboo strips usual

 

 

 

paper invented

 

 

 

hemp, bark, textiles

 

 

population growth

 

 

 

 

han agricultural spur

 

 

 

sixty million

 

 

social difficulties

 

 

 

 

taxes for xiongnu war

 

 

 

rich-poor tensions

 

 

 

small landholder default

 

 

wang mang

 

 

 

 

han minister regent

 

 

 

claimed mandate

 

 

 

socialist emperor

 

 

 

broke up large estates

 

 

 

famine- wang murdered

 

later han dynasty

 

 

 

 

yellow turban uprising

 

 

 

 

banditry by poor

 

 

 

yellow headgear worn

 

 

 

weakened han

 

 

collapse of han

 

 

 

 

court faction paralysis

 

 

 

relatives murder 200

9. CLASSICAL INDIA

 

 

 

fortunes of empire

 

 

 

 

mauryan dynasty

 

 

 

 

kingdom of magadha

 

 

 

 

expansion of magadha

 

 

 

ganges-burma trade

 

 

chandragupta maurya

 

 

 

 

alexander's vacuum

 

 

 

maruyan empire

 

 

mauryan government

 

 

 

 

arthashastra handbook

 

 

 

bureaucracy built

 

 

ashoka maurya

 

 

 

 

chandra's grandson

 

 

 

high point of empire

 

 

 

pataliputra-taxila road

 

 

 

encouraged buddhism

 

 

mauryan decline

 

 

 

 

salaries overwealming

 

 

 

currency debasement

 

regional kingdoms

 

 

 

 

bactrian northwest

 

 

 

 

greco-bactrian rule

 

 

 

taxila center of trade

 

 

kushan pakistan

 

 

 

 

pacified local area

 

 

gupta dynasty

 

 

 

 

based in magadha

 

 

 

ganges valley conduit

 

 

 

chandra gupta builds

 

 

 

faxian reports safely

 

 

science and math

 

 

 

 

hindi-arabic numerals

 

 

 

concept of zero

 

 

 

value of pi

 

 

gupta decline

 

 

 

 

white hun nomads

 

 

 

last empire until mughals

society and economy

 

 

 

 

towns and trade

 

 

 

 

manufacturing

 

 

 

 

pot, textile, iron, jewel

 

 

long distance trade

 

 

 

 

imported silk, horses

 

 

 

gandhara-persia trade

 

 

indian ocean trade

 

 

 

 

monsoon winds

 

 

 

india-indonesia trade

 

 

 

romans wanted pepper

 

caste system

 

 

 

 

gender relations

 

 

 

 

brahmin clan compound

 

 

 

epics= weak women

 

 

 

girls married at puberty

 

 

social order

 

 

 

 

jati guild courts

 

 

 

wealth flipped castes

religions of salvation

 

 

 

 

jainism's challenge

 

 

 

 

vardhamana mahavira

 

 

 

 

buddha like story

 

 

 

all objects have soul

 

 

 

desired detachement

 

 

jainist ethics

 

 

 

 

ahimsa, non-violence

 

 

 

varna, jati nonsensical

 

 

 

gandhi and ahimsa

 

 

 

minority religion

 

buddhism

 

 

 

 

siddhartha gautama

 

 

 

 

flight from palace

 

 

 

enlightemnent

 

buddha-dharma

 

 

 

 

four noble truths

 

 

 

 

all life is suffering

 

 

 

desire causes suffering

 

 

 

end desire, end suffer

 

 

 

end desire by 8-fold

 

 

noble eightfold path

 

 

 

 

right belief, resolve

 

 

 

speech, behavior

 

 

 

contemplation, effort

 

 

 

effort, meditation

 

 

 

goal is nirvana

 

 

appeal of buddhism

 

 

 

 

no social distinctions

 

 

 

popular with vaishyas

 

 

 

monkish preaching

 

 

 

monestary centers

 

 

ashoka's support

 

 

 

 

banned animal sacrifice

 

mahayana buddhism

 

 

 

 

people's buddhism

 

 

 

 

buddha as boddhisatva

 

 

 

saintly qualities

 

 

mahayana buddhism

 

 

 

 

greater vehicle

 

 

 

less strict, more pop

 

 

hinayana buddhism

 

 

 

 

lesser vehicle

 

 

 

older, more strict

 

 

nalanda

 

 

 

 

india's academic center

 

popular hinduism

 

 

 

 

mahabharata epic

 

 

 

 

salvation possible now

 

 

 

vishnu rewards virtue

 

 

ramayana epic

 

 

 

 

family values of rama

 

 

bhagavad gita poem

 

 

 

 

krishna makes bravery

 

 

 

body dies not soul

 

 

hindu ethics

 

 

 

 

caste duties prime

 

 

 

dharma obedience

 

 

 

artha pursuit of wealth

 

 

 

kama pleasure pursuit

 

 

 

moksha is salvation

 

 

popularity of hinduism

 

 

 

 

most popular in india

 

 

 

buddhism migrates

 

 

 

guptas promoted

10. CLASSICAL GREECE

 

 

 

early greece

 

 

 

 

minoans

 

 

 

 

crete and islands

 

 

 

 

knossos trade center

 

 

 

palace of minos

 

 

 

linear a script

 

 

decline of minoans

 

 

 

 

eruption of thera

 

 

 

revival and conquest

 

mycenaens

 

 

 

 

greek mainland

 

 

 

 

stone fortress citadels

 

 

 

linear b script

 

 

mediterranean chaos

 

 

 

 

conflict with troy

 

 

 

greek dark age

 

world of the polis

 

 

 

 

city-state society

 

 

 

 

tyrant ruled

 

 

 

citadel, city, hinterland

 

 

sparta

 

 

 

 

peloponnesian penin.

 

 

 

utilized helot servants

 

 

spartan society

 

 

 

 

austerity, frugality

 

 

 

citizen equals

 

 

 

state military culture

 

 

athens

 

 

 

 

population strain

 

 

 

direct-democracy

 

 

athenian society

 

 

 

 

solon avoids class war

 

 

pericles

 

 

 

 

high tide of democracy

 

 

 

golden age of greece

greek foreign relations

 

 

 

 

colonization

 

 

 

 

greek colonies

 

 

 

 

mediterranean shores

 

 

 

euxine shores

 

 

 

sicily, italy (naples)

 

 

colonial trade

 

 

 

 

grain, fish, furs, timber

 

 

 

honey, wax, gold

 

 

effects of colonization

 

 

 

 

no centralized state

 

 

 

greek culture diffuses

 

conflict with persia

 

 

 

 

persian wars

 

 

 

 

ionian coast crushed

 

 

 

marathon

 

 

 

burning of athens

 

 

 

greek victory

 

 

delian league

 

 

 

 

athens collects tribute

 

 

 

parthenon built

 

 

peloponnesian war

 

 

 

 

sparta defeats athens

 

 

 

weakening, division

 

macedonia and empire

 

 

 

 

kingdom of macedon

 

 

 

 

rural north of greece

 

 

philip of macedon

 

 

 

 

military king, cavalry

 

 

 

conquered greek poleis

 

 

alexander the great

 

 

 

 

inherits father's dream

 

 

 

aristotle's student

 

 

 

conquest of persia

 

3 hellenistic empires

 

 

 

 

hellenistic era

 

 

 

 

generals divide realm

 

 

 

hellenic-hellenistic

 

 

antigonid macedonia

 

 

 

 

small but prosperous

 

 

ptolemaic egypt

 

 

 

 

greek ruling class

 

 

 

greeks as pharaohs

 

 

 

alexandria harbor

 

 

 

cosmopolitcan culture

 

 

 

great alexandria library

 

 

seleucid asia

 

 

 

 

mostly former persia

 

 

 

greek ruling classes

 

 

 

greeks in bactria

greek society

 

 

 

 

mediterranean trade

 

 

 

 

trade

 

 

 

 

medit.-black trade

 

 

panhellenic festivals

 

 

 

 

trade fairs

 

 

 

olympic games

 

family and society

 

 

 

 

patriarchy

 

 

 

 

only men owned land

 

 

 

no public positions

 

 

 

more rights in sparta

 

 

 

women often literate

 

 

sappho

 

 

 

 

homosexual poetess

 

 

slavery

 

 

 

 

debtors, pow's

 

 

 

'russian' scythians

 

 

 

could own businesses

classical greek culture

 

 

 

 

rational philosophy

 

 

 

 

socrates

 

 

 

 

athenian teacher

 

 

 

socratic dialogue

 

 

 

ethics, integrity

 

 

 

sentenced to death

 

 

plato

 

 

 

 

dialogues with socrates

 

 

 

theory of forms (ideas)

 

 

 

plato's cave

 

 

aristotle

 

 

 

 

distrust of forms

 

 

 

trust the senses

 

 

 

golden mean

 

drama and mythology

 

 

 

 

greek deities

 

 

 

 

elements supernatural

 

 

 

polytheistic pantheon

 

 

 

zeus king of the gods

 

 

religious cults

 

 

 

 

fertility cult of demeter

 

 

 

cult of dionysus

 

 

drama

 

 

 

 

themes acted on stage

 

 

 

tragedies, comedies

 

hellenistic philosophy

 

 

 

 

hellenistic philosophers

 

 

 

 

epicurean pleasure

 

 

 

skeptics withdraw

 

 

 

stoics aid virtuously

11. CLASSICAL ROME

 

 

 

kingdom to republic

 

 

 

 

etruscans and rome

 

 

 

 

romulus and remus

 

 

 

 

founded rome

 

 

etruscans

 

 

 

 

anatolian migrants

 

 

 

bronze, iron, jewelry

 

 

kingdom of rome

 

 

 

 

early monarchy

 

roman republic

 

 

 

 

establishment

 

 

 

 

constitutional politics

 

 

 

senate-consul system

 

 

 

patricians, plebeians

 

 

 

tribunes

 

 

 

broad participation

 

expansion of republic

 

 

 

 

expansion north

 

 

 

 

celts, etruscans

 

 

expansion south

 

 

 

 

sicily

 

 

three punic wars

 

 

 

 

carthage defeated

 

 

 

mare nostrum

 

 

 

greece taken

republic to empire

 

 

 

 

problems of expansion

 

 

 

 

gracchi brothers

 

 

 

 

tribunes of plebeians

 

 

 

against latifundia

 

 

 

both assassinated

 

 

 

class conflict increases

 

 

social civil war

 

 

 

 

marius and sulla

 

 

 

first triumverate

 

foundation of empire

 

 

 

 

rise of julius caesar

 

 

 

 

gallic wars

 

 

 

triumverate breaks

 

 

dictatorship declared

 

 

 

 

caesar stabbed

 

 

augustus

 

 

 

 

octavian, marc antony

 

 

 

cleopatra, actium

 

 

administration

 

 

 

 

senate cooperation

 

 

 

pax romana

 

expansion, integration

 

 

 

 

imperial expansion

 

 

 

 

iberia, gaul, britainnia

 

 

 

dalmatia, mauritania

 

 

 

libya, egypt, anatolia

 

 

 

armenia, judaea, meso.

 

 

roman roads

 

 

 

 

engineering

 

 

 

curbs, drainage

 

 

 

empire linked

 

 

roman law

 

 

 

 

twelve tables

 

 

 

innocent until proven

economy and society

 

 

 

 

trade and urbanization

 

 

 

 

city of rome

 

 

 

 

monumental arches

 

 

 

aqueducts, baths

 

 

 

concrete, fountains

 

 

bread and circuses

 

 

 

 

colosseum gladiators

 

 

 

circus maximus races

 

 

 

mock naval battles

 

family and society

 

 

 

 

paterfamilias

 

 

 

 

male head of family

 

 

 

women had influence

 

 

slavery

 

 

 

 

1/3 population slaves

 

 

 

latifundia workers

 

 

 

spartacus revolt

 

 

 

urban slavery less harsh

cosmopolitan nostrum

 

 

 

 

religion & philosophy

 

 

 

 

roman deities

 

 

 

 

taken from greece

 

 

 

zeus becomes jupiter

 

 

 

household gods

 

 

philosophy from greece

 

 

 

 

roman stoicism

 

 

 

cicero advocates stoics

 

 

religions of salvation

 

 

 

 

mystery religions

 

 

 

mithraic cult

 

 

 

cult of isis

 

judaism and rome

 

 

 

 

roman judaea

 

 

 

 

too monotheistic

 

 

 

jewish rebellions

 

 

essenes

 

 

 

 

belief in a messiah

 

early christianity

 

 

 

 

jesus of nazareth

 

 

 

 

the kingdom of god

 

 

 

miracles, sermons

 

 

 

crucifixion of christ

 

 

apostles of jesus

 

 

 

 

resurection of christ

 

 

 

salvation through christ

 

 

paul of tarsus

 

 

 

 

spread of christianity

 

 

 

letters to roman cities

 

 

early christians

 

 

 

 

catacombs of rome

 

 

 

new testament

 

 

 

refusal of roman cults

 

 

 

martyrdom

12. THE SILK ROADS

 

 

 

long distance trade

 

 

 

 

hellenistic networks

 

 

 

 

sea routes

 

 

 

 

red-arabian-indian

 

 

 

monsoon system

 

 

land routes

 

 

 

 

india-bactria-med

 

silk roads

 

 

 

 

overland routes

 

 

 

 

han-roman endpoints

 

 

 

chang'an- taklamakan-

 

 

 

kashgar- spur to india

 

 

 

kashgar- caspian-

 

 

 

palmyra-antioch-tyre

 

 

sea lanes

 

 

 

 

guangzhou-ceylon-

 

 

 

persian g.-arabian sea

 

 

trade goods

 

 

 

 

silk, spices, cloves

 

 

 

nutmeg, mace, carn.

 

 

 

ginger, cinnamon, oils

 

 

 

pepper, perfumes

 

 

 

pearls, coral, ivory

 

 

zhang qian

 

 

 

 

chinese traveler

cultural exchanges

 

 

 

 

spread of buddhism

 

 

 

 

buddhism in towns

 

 

 

 

kashgar, khotan

 

 

 

bukhara, samarkand

 

 

buddhism in china

 

 

 

 

brought by merchants

 

 

 

chang'an center

 

 

 

spread to korea, japan

 

 

buddhism in southeast

 

 

 

 

java, sumatra, vietnam

 

 

 

cambodia's angkor wat

 

spread of christianity

 

 

 

 

across mediterranean

 

 

 

 

anatolia, syria

 

 

 

egypt, greece

 

 

 

italy, spain, gaul

 

 

christianity in asia

 

 

 

 

ascetics

 

 

 

nestorians to china

 

manichaeism

 

 

 

 

mani

 

 

 

 

attempt at dualism

 

 

 

decline to zoro priests

 

germs

 

 

 

 

epidemic diseases

 

 

 

 

smallpox

 

 

 

25% romans killed

 

 

 

25% chinese killed

china after the han

 

 

 

 

decay of han state

 

 

 

 

land distribution

 

 

 

 

private armies

 

 

 

peasant unrest

 

 

 

tax breaks for wealthy

 

 

 

yellow turban uprising

 

 

 

generals rule over emp.

 

 

collapse of han

 

 

 

 

generals split empire

 

cultural change

 

 

 

 

destruction of cities

 

 

 

 

chang'an 100 homes

 

 

 

luoyang a trash heap

 

 

 

mauraders want food

 

 

sinicization of nomads

 

 

 

 

mingling nomad-chinese

 

 

buddhism spreads

 

 

 

 

alt cultural foundation

fall of roman empire

 

 

 

 

internal roman decay

 

 

 

 

barracks emperors

 

 

 

 

emperors died violently

 

 

 

political chaos

 

 

diocletian

 

 

 

 

divided empire

 

 

 

attacked christians

 

 

 

stabilized economy

 

 

constantine

 

 

 

 

constantinople

 

 

 

legalized christianity

 

germanic invasion

 

 

 

 

germanic migrations

 

 

 

 

visigoths

 

 

huns

 

 

 

 

turkic warriors

 

 

 

chief attila's incursions

 

 

collapse of rome

 

 

 

 

huns pressured germans

 

 

 

germans entered rome

 

 

 

ostrogoth deposition

 

cultural change

 

 

 

 

christianity

 

 

 

 

edict of milan

 

 

 

st. augustine

 

 

church grows

 

 

 

 

bishop of rome- pope

 

 

 

seat of st. peter

 

 

council of nicaea

 

 

 

 

holy trinity understood

 

 

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