AP World Traditions and Encounters Outline

chapters / major topics	subtopics	concepts	particulars
13. BYZANTIUM
early byzantium
	later rome
		early byzantium
			new bosporus rome
		caesaropapism
			unity of religion, politics
			emperor above law
			unnecessary complexity
		byzantine court
			purple for royals only
			levitating throne
	justinian's legacy
		justinian and theodora
			hagia sophia built
			justinian's code
			corpus iuris civilis
			mosaic artwork
		belisarius
			reclaiming roman unity
		byzantine revival
			islam battered byz.
			reorganization- themes
			basil II got balkans
	byzantium and west
		east-west tensions
			otto of saxony
			ambassador liudprand
byzantine society
	urbanization
		cities
			c was europe's largest
			trebizond, antioch
			thessanoliki, adrianple
		peasant problems
			free peasants now not
	industry and trade
		manufacturing
			crafts, gems, textiles
			dyeing, no monopolies
		trade
			byzantine-muslim trade
			war suspended trade
			rugs from persia
			timber, fur, amber
			slaves from russia
	urban life
		delights
			palace wine fountains
			baths, taverns, games
			greens and blues riot
			hippodrome
rome and orthodoxy
	legacy of greece
		greek replaces latin
			school taught greek lit
			humanities curriculum
	byzantine church
		church and state one
			arian heresy
		iconoclasm
			breaking of icons
			eventually abandoned
	monasticism
		aeceticism
			celibacy, fast, prayer
			st. simeon stylite
		st. basil of caesarea
			communal living
			no possessions
		mt. athos
			austere monestaries
			off limits to females
	east-west tensions
		arab invasions
			antioch, alex., jerusalem
			rome, constantinole left
		rituals
			leavened vs. unleavened
			shaved beards in west
			trinity debate
		schism
			rome primacy debate
			1054 break
byzantium's effects
	domestic problems
		social issues
			romaioi 'romans'
			new animal by 1000
			theme system broken
		challenges from west
			french normans take I
			robert guiscard
			'middle' of crusades
			1204 sack
		challenges from east
			seljuq turk incursions
			1071 manzikert
			1453 ottomans
	byzantium and slavs
		cyril, methodius mission
			croatia, serbia, bulgaria
			bohemia, hungary
			cyrillic alphabet
	byzantium and russia
		prince vladimir of rus
			converts to christianity
			kiev receives learning
		growth of kiev
			caesaropapist control
			russian orthodoxy
14. REALM OF ISLAM
prophet and his world
	muhammad's message
		early life
			caravan merchant
		spiritual transformation
			cave visions
			slow to catch on
		the quran
			oral recitations
			hadith 'sayings' later
			legal customs
			direct word of allah
	migration to medina
		conflict at mecca
			ka'ba shrine made $
			muhammad denounces
			muhammad persecuted
		hijra 'flight'
			mecca-medina
			islamic calendar event
		the umma
			all muslims worldwide
		seal of the prophets
			m is the last prophet
	islam conquers arabia
		return to mecca
			mecca falls to islam
			pagan shrines destroyed
			ka'ba preserved
			all arabia falls to islam
		five pillars of islam
			prophet of allah
			5 times / day prayer
			fasting during ramadan
			alms for the poor
			hajj journey to mecca
		jihad
			obligation to struggle
			spread word of islam
			war against unbelievers
		sharia islamic law
			law of the quran
			governs all facets of life
expansion of islam
	early caliphs, umayyad
		caliph 'deputy'
			abu bakr selected
			judge, leader, general
		expansion of islam
			north africa
			byzantine levant
			sasanid mesopotamia
			byzantine egypt
			north africa
			sasanid persia
			hindu sind kingdom
			visigothic spain
		sunni-shia split
			sunni majority
			shia follow ali
		umayyad dynasty
			ali assassinated
			umayyad mecca family
			damascus capital
			dar al-islam
		policy to the defeated
			jizya head tax
		umayyad decline
			rebellion in persia
	abbasid dynasty
		abu al abbas
			defeated umayyads
			invited to dinner, killed
		abbasid wars
			cosmopolitan rule
			defeated chinese- talas
			fought in mediterranean
		administration
			baghdad- capital
			ulamas religious leaders
			qadis judges
		harun al rashid
			climax of abbasids
			elephant to charlemagne
		abbasid decline
			harun's sons fought
			saljuk turks ruled
			sultan 'chieftain'
			destroyed by mongols
dar al islam society
	farm and city
		food crops
			eggplant, citrus, cotton
		urban growth
			delhi, samarkand
			bukhara, merv, tunis
			cordoba, tangier
			paper from china
	hemispheric trade zone
		overland trade
			silk road revived
			ice loads from syria
		camels, caravans
			camels ply silk road
		maritime trade
			indian ocean trade
			astrolabe, lateen sail
		banking
			sakk 'check' used
		organized trade
			china: silk, ceramics
			india: aeromas, spices
			byz: jewelry, textiles
			west africa: salt, gold
			east africa: slaves, skin
			rus: amber, slaves, fur
		al andalus (spain)
			caliphate (post-711)
			prosperity of cordoba
	status of women
		quran and women
			male guardians needed
			veils for women
islamic values
	formation of tradition
		promotion of values
			sharia goes to all umma
			madrasas
		sufis
			deepen spiritual views
			al-ghazali teacher
			missionaries to asia
		hajj
			kaba pilgrimage
			inns on road to mecca
		persian influences
			rubaiyat of o. khayyam
			1001 arabian nights
		indian influences
			math = astronomy
			medicine, antidotes
		greek influences
			ibn rushd- averroes
15. EAST ASIA EMPIRES
centralized rule returns
	sui dynasty
		establishment
			yang jian imposes
		grand canal
			largest waterworks
			yangzi valley-north
			rice transported
		decline
			sui yangdi needs $
			assassinated
	tang dynasty
		tang taizong
			capital chang'an
			unusual prosperity
		transport
			grand canal finished
			9000 seafood relay
		equal-field system
			stable redistribution
		bureaucracy of merit
			civil service exams
			confucian education
		tang expansion
			took manchuria
			took silla korea
			took tibet, vietnam
		tang foreign relations
			middle kingdom rules
			kowtow enforced
		tang decline
			careless leadership
			an lushan-uighur rebels
	song dynasty
		song taizu
			centralized bureaucracy
		song weaknesses
			khitan manchu nomads
			jurchen nomads too
			song flee to guangzhou
			southern song
			conquered by mongols
tang, song economics
	agricultural development
		fast-ripening rice
			vietnamese strain
			two crops / year
		new farm techniques
			heavy iron plow, oxen
			composted organics
		population growth
			45m to 115 m (1200)
			grand canal facilitated
		urbanization
			chang'an 2m top world
			guangzhou 1m
			restaurants, taverns
			noodle shops, tea house
			brothels, music halls
			gardens, craft shops
			li bai's urban poems
		patriarchal society
			foot binding
			like veiling in islam
	technology
		porcelain
			fine chinaware
		metallurgy
			iron and steel
			16m iron arrowheads
			brudges, pagodas
		gunpowder
			daoist achemists
			sought elixers for life
			ironic?
		printing
			wooden block
			movable type
		naval technology
			watertight bulkgeads
			canvas, bamboo
			magnetic compass
	market economy
		financial instruments
			copper coins
			flying cash
			paper money
			serial numbers
			lack of confidence
			printed more than had
cultural change in china
	buddhism
		new religions in china
			nestorians, mani
			zoroastrians, buddhists
		dunhuang
			city of buddhist caves
			mahayana rite in tang
			darma is 'dao' in trans.
		zen buddhism
			flashes of insight
			persecuted by daoists
	neo confucianism
		confucius and buddha
			song confucians liked b
			zhu xi knows your role
			li: form, qi: actual being
chinese influence
	korea and vietnam
		silla korea
			conquered by tang
			silla rule, pay tribute
			korean capital kumsong
		nam viet
			women free to trade
			viet modeled admin
			buddhism in viet too
	beginnings of japan
		nara japan
			no chinese armies
			confucianism, buddhism
		heian japan
			fujiwara supreme
			chinese influenced
		tale of the genji
			murasaki shikibu
			courtly life
		decline of heian japan
			minamoto clan rules
			shogun idea
		medieval japan
			decentralization
			kamakura period
			muromachi period
		samauri
			professional warriors
			bushido code
16. INDIAN OCEAN
islamic, hindu kingdoms
	centralized rule quest
		harsha
			restored order in north
			patronized writers
			emissary to tang taizong
		decline of harsha
			visited local leaders
			assassinated on trip
	islam in north india
		conquest of sind
			abbasids take sind
		merchants bring islam
			cambay, gujarat muslim
			arab, persian traders
		turkish migrants
			turks, afghans muslim
		mahmud of ghazni
			turk leader in afghan
			took punjab, looted
			temples destroyed
			mosques built
		sultanate of delhi
			all northern india
			like mongols in russia
			19 of 35 sultans killed
	hindu kingdom in south
		chola kingdom
			south and ceylon
			china sea-arabian sea
		vijayanagar kingdom
			deccan plateau
			taken by islam
indian ocean trade
	monsoon agriculture
		monsoons winds
			needed for harvest
		irrigation systems
			aryans in ganges valley
			lake bhopal project
		population growth
			105m by 1500
		urbanization
			cambay, surat, calicut
	trade in south india
		internal trade
			pepper, saffron, sugar
		hindu temple trade
			temples loaned money
			centers of production
	indian ocean basin
		dhow boats- 500 tons
			arab, persian, indian
		junk boats- 1000 tons
			song chinese
		emporia of india
			centrally located
		specialized production
			fine cotton textiles
			refined sugar, tanning
			high carbon steel
		kingdom of axum
			kush nubia in decline
			axum destroys meroe
		african christianity
			axum adopts christianity
			umma repulsed
	caste and society
		caste and migration
			turks got own status
			caste system india-wide
hindu and islam meet
	hinduism develops
		vishnu and shiva
			buddhism declines
			vishnu preserver cult
			shiva destroyer cult
		shankara
			harmonized hinduism
		ramanuja
			union with deity vishnu
	appeal of islam
		coversion to islam
			lower castes convert
			25% of subcontinent
		bhakti movement
			hindu-muslim unity
		guru kabir
			shiva, vishnu, allah same
influence of india
	india influences east
		funan
			mekong river state
			syncretic hinduism
			grand irrigation system
			irrigation in disrepair
		srivijaya
			sumatra based navy
			taxed ships trading
			eclipsed by chola india
		angkor
			khmers adopt buddha
			temple of angkor wat
			thai invaders ruin it
			jungle reclaimed it
	arrival of islam
		islam in spice islands
			sumatrans muslim
			marco polo noted it
			java, malay penin.
		melaka
			from hindu to muslim
			islam linked asia
17. MEDIEVAL WEST
quest for political order
	germanic states
		barbarian kingdoms
			visigothic spain
			ostrogothic italy
			lombard north italy
			burgundian, frank gaul
			angle, saxon britain
	franks revive empire
		clovis
			christianity
		carolingians
			charles martel at tours
		charlemagne
			crowned by pope, hre
			captial aachen
			no burearucrats- counts
	decline of carolingians
		louis the pious
			let empire divide by 3
		invasions
			muslims from south
			magyars from east
			vikings from north
		norse expansion
			sailed in longships
			north atlantic
			ice, green, vin - land
			vikings used tides
			raided constantinople
	regional authorities
		england
			alfred the great
			built navy vs. vikings
		germany
			otto defeats magyars
			pope crowns otto hre
		france
			local authority, taxes
			castles
			viking norman north
early medieval society
	decentralized society
		lords and retainers
			feudalism too simplistic
			many ad hoc systems
			nobles, private armies
		inherent instability
			web of relationships
	serfs and manors
		serfs and obligations
			not slave, not free
			labor as rent payment
		manors
			field, meadow, homes
			self-sufficient
	economy of dark ages
		agriculture
			heavy plows- ox work
			rural society, tiny town
		norse merchants
			russia-ireland
			abbasid silver for coins
		population
			36m in 1000
christendom is born
	politics of conversion
		franks and church
			clovis, charlemagne
		spread of christianity
			saxons, even vikings
	the papacy
		pope gregory i
			stopped lombards
			papal primacy
			conversion of england
	monasticism
		monastic rules
			rule of st benedict
			monte cassino
		monastic society
			social services, orphans
			copied books
			monks, nuns teach
18. NOMADIC EMPIRES
turkish migrations
	nomadic society
		nomads and animals
			steppes of eurasia
			milk, meat, hides
			yurt tent, kumiss drink
		nomad and settled folk
			nomads natural traders
			shamanic religion
			turks convert to islam
		military organization
			chiefs called khans
			mobile attack formation
	turk expansion
		saljuqs and abbasids
			caliph recognizes sultan
			tugril beg first sultan
		saljuqs and byzantines
			battle of manzikert
			saljuqs rule anatolia
		anatolia transforms
			byzantine to turkish
			christian to muslim
		sultanate of delhi
			ghaznavids in india
			plundered ganges
			mahmud of ghazni
mongol empires
	rise of mongols
		chinggis khan
			temujin clan leader
			steppe 'diplomacy'
			united mongols
		military organization
			broke units, reformed
			no tribal lines
			capital karakorum
			1% of china's pop.
		mongol arms
			vicious cavalry, bow
			pow human shields
		mongols take n. china
			jurchens fall, song falls
			khanbaliq near beijing
		mongols take persia
			saljuq successor falls
			destroyed qanat
	mongols after chinggis
		khan's realm divided
			great khanate- china
			chaghatai central asia
			ilkhanate of persia
			golden horde of russia
		khubilai khan
			ruthless destruction
			promoted buddhism
			xanadu, marco polo
		conquest of all china
			defeated southern song
			yuan dynasty begins
		indochina invastion
			guerrilla jungle tactics
			unfriendly for horses
			mongols leave alone
		japan invasion
			largest ever pre ww2
			100k men, 4500 ships
			die in massive storm
			kamikaze saved japan
		golden horde
			east europe overrun
			russian cities pay tribute
			moscow princes strong
		ilkhanate of persia
			hulegu defeats abbasids
			mamelukes block more
			persian rule, tribute
			mongols take islam
			ilkhan ghazan converts
			christians, jews killed
		yuan dynasty
			forbade marriage
			dismantled education
			confucian trad. drops
	eurasian integration
		pax mongolica
			mongolian trade peace
			silk road safety
		diplomatic missions
			rabban sauma
			llamist tibetan buddha
		resettlement
			skilled workers moved
			uighur turk bureaucrats
			silk road cities bloom
	decline of mongols
		collapse of ilkhanate
			deline after ghazan
			no mongol hier- collapse
		yuan decline
			yuan debased currency
			paper money hated
			peasant revolt
			bubonic plague
		surviving khanates
			golden horde to 16th c
after the mongols
	tamerlane the whirlwind
		a lame conqueror
			turkish chieftain
			lame leg, limped
			took chaghatai
			capital samarkand
		conquests
			persia, afghanistan
			attacked south russia
			sacked delhi
			anatolia, caucasus
			died before china
			empire desintigrates
	the ottoman empire
		osman
			turk migration anatolia
		ottoman conquests
			attack byzantines
			sack balkans
			base at gallipoli
			delayed by tamerlane
		constantinople captured
			end of byzantium
			sultan mehmed II
19. AFRICAN KINGDOMS
early african migrations
	population growth
		banana and population
			arrival by malay sea
			madagascar entrepot
			22m in 1000
	political organization
		kin-based societies
			stateless society
			male chief village head
			no larger government
		chiefdoms
			ife, benin
		kingdom of kongo
			most centralized bantu
islamic empires
	trans-sahara trade
		camels
			from arabia by egypt
		kingdom of ghana
			senegal-niger rivers
			most gold supply
			gold for salt, horses
		capital koumbi-saleh
			dozen mosques, qadis
		islam in west africa
			no forced conversions
			elite religion
			animism for masses
			raiders end ghana
		sundiata and mali
			the lion king
			builds mali empire
			trans-sahara wealth
			25k camels linked mali
			capital niani
			timbuktu, gao, jenne
		mansa musa
			high point of mali
			hajj with 50k servants
			mali factional decline
			songhay empire rises
	east africa swahili cities
		the swahili- coasters
			east african cities
			ports for ocean trade
		kilwa, sofala, mombasa
			arab trading class
			stone mosques
		great zimbabwe
			gold, ivory, slave trade
			linked to sofala
		islam in east africa
			muslim mogadishu
			ibn battuta visited
african society
	social classes
		kinship groups
			no private property
			common land, usage
			male family heads
			clan group identity
		gender relations
			smithing, tanning secret
			women planted, raised
			all-female combat units
			islam little effect
		age grades
			social ties by age
		slavery
			muslim traffickers
			russian slaves in arabia
			african slaves in arabia
			battuta saw slaves
			mansa musa 500 slaves
		zanj revolt
			slavery in mesopotamia
			sugarcane, salt mines
			15k revolt crushed
	african religion
		creator god
			divine force, sustained
		lesser gods, spirits
			sun, rain, trees, others
			diviners know gods
	christianity and islam
		christianity in north
			augustine, alexandria
		kingdom of axum
			ethiopian christians
			islam expansion isolates
			lalibela, rock churches
			kebra negast lineage
		islam in africa
			casual, nude men
			casual, nude women
			battuta offended
20. HIGH MEDIEVALISM
regional states appear
	holy roman empire
		otto I
			john XII crowns hre
		investiture contest
			pope, emperor tangle
			lay investiture
			gregory VII ends
		friedrich barbarossa
			sights on lombardy
			pope gets coalition
			hre didn't restore unity
	regional monarchies
		capetian france
			capetian dynasty
			hugh sets tone
			steady centralization
		the normans
			viking normandy
			little regard for capet
			feudal dukes strong
		norman england
			norman conquest 1066
			william of normandy
			battle of hastings
			centralized england
	regional states
		italy and papal states
			no one ruled peninsula
			ecclesastical states
			city-states
		papal states
			popes control territory
		italian city-states
			florence, genoa, milan
			venice, bologna
		southern italy's normans
			defeated muslims there
			salerno norman base
			forced out byzantines
		christian iberia
			castile, aragon, portugal
		muslim iberia
			al-andalus south
			granada, steady decline
economic growth
	agriculture
		arable land expands
			population rises
			swamp, forest cleared
			production = taxes
			crop rotation
			water mill, heavy plow
			horse shoe, collar
			diets enhanced
			79m in europe by 1300
	revival of towns
		urbanization
			flanders, london, paris
			castle towns, trade fairs
			flemish, italian fairs
		mediterranean trade
			venice-byzantium trade
			venice-arab trade
			genoa, pisa naples too
		hanseatic league
			baltic trade organization
			novgorod-london line
			fish, fur, grain, timber
		business techniques
			banking, credit, partners
	social change
		three estates
			those who pray: clergy
			those who work: serfs
			those who fight: nobles
		chivalry
			courtly behavior
			christian values
			tender gender relations
		troubadours
			songs of love, poems
		eleanor of acquitaine
			supported troubadours
			helped soften manners
		independent cities
			charter of incorporation
			hansa or other reason
			tool against local rulers
		guilds
			craft, trade groupings
			set prices on goods
			focus of friendship
			financial, moral support
		women and working
			freedom to work
			worked alongside men
			admitted into guilds
			town as change agent
christendom
	scholasticism
		cathedral schools
			complex issues
			master-teachers
			paris, chartres, bologna
			latin literature
			law, medicine, theology
		universities
			charter guarantees
			vested teachers
		aristotle rises
			from byzantine, muslim
		scholastic theology
			thomas aquinas
			classical-christian united
			ibn rushd, zhu xi, thom.
	popular religion
		sacraments
			holy rituals
			membership in society
			stations in life
			baptism, eucharist
		devotion to saints
			holy life, may intervene
		virgin mary
			the christian ideal
			notre dame churches
		saints' relics
			hair, skull, wood, bone
			reliquaries made
		pilgrimage
			like muslim hajj
			to honor place, saint
			rome, compostela
			inns, guidebooks
	reform movements
		dominicans
			education, help clergy
		franciscans
			st. francis of assisi
			vow of povery
			mendicant order
		popular heresy
			waldensian heresy
			albigensian heresy
			bogumil heresy
			pope innocent III ends
medieval expansion
	christiandom expands
		north and east
			sweden, denmark
			norway, iceland
			prussia, baltics, finland
			teutonic knights
		south, west and east
			spain fights islam
			crusades
	europe expands
		vinland
			eric the red, greenland
			lief erickson, vinland
	reconquista
		of sicily
			norman guiscard bros.
		of spain
			caliphate of cordoba
			granada falls, 1492
			ferdinand and isabella
	the crusades
		urban II
			pope calls for crusade
			recapture holy land
			peter the hermit disaster
		first crusade
			capture of jerusalem
			feudal territories form
			crusader castles built

		second crusade
			endessa taken by turks
			salah al-din, saladin
		third crusade
			three kings crusade
			stalemate
			christians begin leaving
		later crusades
			sack of constantinople
			children's crusade
		consequences
			exchange of ideas
			trade goods in europe
			desire for products
			marco polo a result
21. WORLDS APART
mesoamerica
	toltecs and mexica
		toltecs
			river tula irrigation
			capital tula
			nomads destroy state
		mexica (aztecs)
			aztlan: legendary caves
			kidnapping of women
			stole cultivated land
		capital tenochtitlan
			lake texcoco
			under mexico city
			chinampa agriculture
		aztec empire
			itzcoatl begins conquest
			moctezuma continues
		tribute and trade
			cocoa beverages
			local rules collected
	mexica society
		social structure
			all males are warriors
			hereditary military elite
		warriors
			lip plugs for winners
		mexica women
			no role in political life
			no inheriting property
		priestly class
			montezuma was priest
		slaves
			agricultural, domestic
			family members sold
			criminal slavery
	mexica religion
		mexica gods
			quetzalcoatl serpent
			need human sacrifice
			grain fed by blood
		huitzilopochtli
			war god, craves blood
			priests de-heart victims
	north american indians
		pueblo and navajo
			river irrigation
			adobe clay homes
		iroquois peoples
			woodland maize, bean
			longhouses, teepees
		mound-builders
			large earthen mounds
		cahokia
			100 ft. tall mound
			largest in north america
		culture
			no writing
			river trade, miss., ohio
south american states
	before the incas
		chucuito kingdom
			lake titicaca
			lama, alpaca herding
			terraced agriculture
			chewing coca leaves
		chimu
			lowland peru kingdom
			brickwork
	the inca empire
		extent and expansion
			pachacuti earthshaker
			expands from titicaca
			takes chimu
			quito-santiago length
			jungle-pacific width
			11.5m in 1500
			tribal resettlement policy
		quipu
			in place of writing
			chords of various length
		cuzco
			gleaming mountain city
			pachacuti retires there
			inca roads, bricks

		trade
			no market economy
			ruler was deity
			owner of all goods
		inca gods
			sun god inti
			creator god viracocha
			planet, moon, rain
societies of oceania
	nomads of australia
		aborigine life
			nomadic foragers
			new guinea root crops
		trade
			oyster shells, food
		culture and religion
			anamist observances
	pacific islanders
		island trade
			yams, mats, canoes
			intermarriage common
		long distance voyaging
			easter island settled
			american sweet potato
			hawaii settled
			similar fishhood styles
			hawiian, tahitian similar
			polynesia 500k pop.
		chief based states
			chief oversees island
			island-island conflict
			priest intermediaries